Kin

Convergent evolution and “attractors,” read against the primary literature — written after Brett D. Wick's essay When Everything Becomes a Crab. The crab-like body plan really did evolve at least five times in decapod crustaceans, which is the part everyone quotes. It was also lost at least seven times — decarcinization, the commoner event — and Wolfe, Luque & Bracken-Grissom (BioEssays, 2021) report that the reasons for the recurrence remain a mystery, with carcinized lineages running from millimetres to metres across nearly every habitat on Earth. So convergence produced no sameness, and the basin is not a destiny. Our eye and the octopus's converged on the same camera and were built backwards from each other, which is why a system that grades the route instead of the outcome will fail an eye. Waddington's canalized landscape gives the picture; “attractor” is named as a metaphor borrowed from dynamical systems. Then the turn: nature's basin permits the millions who never roll in, while engineered systems write the attractor into the rules — engagement chosen as the objective and everything downhill of it becoming vertical video, one route to the answer and a diagnosis for the others. Cavendish monoculture against Cavendish Space, on the ARLES Environment and Systems rungs. Ideas ripen the same way: Ogburn & Thomas's 148 multiples, Merton's singletons-are-the-exception, Tao's “maths at internet speed,” and Brian Eno's scenius quoted from the 1996 primary rather than the altered version in circulation. Closes on our own history — neurodiversity was itself developed collectively. Gould and Conway Morris are left unresolved on purpose. A rhyme, not a proof.

A companion and a counter-song to Bone Song, written for a young person in our community whose special interest is sharks. This collection opens on a skeleton that is piezoelectric — press it and it makes voltage. Sharks, rays and chimaeras are vertebrates with no true bone at all: a cartilage skeleton stiffened by thousands of mineral tiles called tesserae, which Dean & Summers (Zoology, 2006) describe as tuned species by species and even to how the animal feeds. Then the finding that changes the story. Sharks were taught for a century as the before picture — cartilage first, bone later, primitive, not there yet. But Brazeau and colleagues (Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2020) describe endochondral bone in Minjinia turgenensis, an Early Devonian fish near the common ancestry of jawed vertebrates. If the shared ancestor had bone, the shark's bonelessness is not a failure to arrive — it is a loss, derived rather than primitive, and the same shape of fact as the crab body plan being lost more often than gained. Which exposes the verdict buried in the word primitive, the same one hiding in low-functioning and delayed. Then the other half: because sharks were said not to get cancer, their cartilage was ground into pills. Ostrander et al. (Cancer Research, 2004) documented 42 chondrichthyan tumours across at least 21 species, at least 15 malignant; Loprinzi et al. (Cancer, 2005) ran the trial and found no benefit to survival or quality of life. A body read as a cure gets harvested — and extraction always starts as appreciation. The skeleton is for the animal. A rhyme, not a proof.

Disgust feels like a fact about the animal. It is a fact about the frame. Rozin & Fallon (Psychological Review, 1987) treat disgust as a food emotion at root, whose objects are largely learned — arriving across a child's first eight years and running on the magical law of contagion, where one touch renders a whole plate inedible forever. A reaction that far out of proportion to any physical fact is a rule about categories, and rules about categories are taught. Then three arrangements that read as gross and are, in frame, simply competent. Osedax, the bone-eating worm (Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek, Science, 2004): no mouth, no gut, a vascularised root system dissolving whale bone, dozens of dwarf males inside the female's tube. The deep-sea anglerfishes, whose fused males cost them their immunity — Swann, Holland, Petersen, Pietsch & Boehm (Science, 2020) found loss of functional aicda, and in permanent attachment loss of rag, abolishing the hallmark of adaptive immunity. To stay joined to another body they gave up the machinery that tells self from not-self. And the whale fall (Smith & Baco, 2003): a pulse of food worth roughly 2,000 years of background supply, a sulphophilic stage lasting decades, a mean of 185 macrofaunal species — richer than any other hard surface down there. Then the turn. The same reflex fires at feeding tubes, drooling, stimming, incontinence and AAC; Nussbaum calls it projective disgust, where a group of people becomes a buffer against the animal nature we would rather deny. Two frames to widen past — the neuronormative and the anthronormative. A house companion to Helen Edgar's Wyrd & Weird: weird was reclaimed, gross gets disarmed. Nobody is guilty of a flinch; everyone is answerable for the two seconds after.

The Greenland shark is the longest-lived vertebrate known, and it does not reach maturity until it is about 156 years old. Nielsen et al. (Science, 2016) radiocarbon-dated the eye lenses of 28 females — the lens core is laid down before birth and never replaced, so they read each animal's age against the atmospheric bomb pulse from 1950s nuclear testing — and found a life span of at least 272 years, the largest animal at 392 ± 120. It is also the slowest fish for its size: 0.34 m/s, one tail-beat every seven seconds (Watanabe et al., 2012), and it eats seals anyway, apparently by arriving quietly while they sleep — the strategy needs the trait. Nearly all of them carry a copepod clamped to the cornea, and it costs them almost nothing, because vision is not what the Arctic deep asks for. So late turns out to be a comparison, not a measurement; the ruler was always the variable. But this is not a zine about slow being beautiful: Nielsen's own paper raises the conservation alarm, because an animal needing a century and a half to reproduce cannot recover from pressure arriving in decades, and the species is IUCN Vulnerable. Slow is survivable or it isn't, and the environment decides — which is the social model of disability, stated in fish. Names the standard defence of the clock too: Alfie Kohn's BGUTI, "Better Get Used To It," which almost by definition ignores developmental differences — and cannot survive noticing them. A rhyme, not a proof.

Tyson Yunkaporta writes in Sand Talk that a Star Dreaming Oldman Juma Fejo of the Larrakia People wants to share with all peoples "goes everywhere that turtles go — and there are turtles all over the world, even in desert country, so it connects everybody." That reads like a figure of speech and is actually a range map, so we checked it: roughly 357 species on every continent but Antarctica, in every warm ocean, and in the arid interior, where Chelodina steindachneri buries itself in a dry Pilbara riverbed and waits out a year without water. The primary literature then reverses the obvious reading twice. Lyson et al. (Current Biology, 2016) find the shell began as an adaptation for burrowing, not armour — broadened ribs "provide little protection" and cost you speed and breath; protection is a later exaptation. And Lyson et al. (Nature Communications, 2014) find the price: lock your ribs into a shell and you lose the ordinary way of breathing, so turtles run their lungs off a sling of abdominal muscle instead. Side-necks and hidden-necks answered one problem two ways. Sex is set by the temperature of the sand, not by chromosomes — which makes the Discworld philosophers' failed expedition to determine Great A'Tuin's sex a better joke than they knew. A hatchling learns the magnetic field of one beach and finds it again decades later. And every people had to think with this animal: Turtle Island, ao in the Huainanzi, Kurma — who is a pivot for churning and not a world-bearer — and Great A'Tuin. They are not the same turtle, and that is the connection. Carries the Fibonacci passage and says plainly where it stops being biology. ~48% of turtle species are threatened. A rhyme, not a proof.

Mortensen et al. (Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 2014) counted the long-finned pilot whale's neocortex and found roughly 37.2 billion neurons — "almost twice as many neocortical neurons as humans," the first animal ever counted above us. Then, in the same paper, they conclude that absolute neuron number is "not correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans." The yardstick came back against us and the ranking survived, because it was never resting on the count. Underneath sits the architecture: the cetacean neocortex is agranular, with layer IV — the input layer our textbooks call canonical — absent or underdeveloped, and layer I apparently taking the job instead, giving "a very different connectivity scheme compared to more commonly studied species, like rats and macaque monkeys." Manger (2006) read that missing layer as evidence there is no neural basis for complex cognition in cetaceans; sixteen authors replied in Biological Reviews that these features are "a non-primate route to neuroanatomical (and cognitive) complexity." Difference read as deficit, conducted by neuroscientists, about whales. Held with care: thermogenesis is a serious hypothesis and a brain can do heat work and thought work at once — the claim here is only about which reading you get for free. On neurodiversity, the honest answer: there is no cetacean diagnostic literature and this zine does not invent one. What exists is variation inside single populations — sponging in 15 of 141 known Shark Bay mothers, down one matriline (Krützen et al., 2005), spongers more solitary and foraging longer (Mann et al., 2008) — read through ethodiversity (Ombre Tarragnat), which needs no clinic. Plus 8,719 sperm whale codas resolving into ~143 combinations where 21 had been described, because someone borrowed rubato from music. And eight days off Pico with an S-spined bottlenose dolphin among sperm whales, the rubs returned — a paper titled "Repeated Non-Agonistic Interactions," because "adopted" was the press's word. Douglas Adams got the joke in 1979, ranking us third behind the mice. Then he went to see the baiji. A rhyme, not a proof.

Riehl (Proc R Soc B, 2013) has group composition for 213 cooperatively breeding bird species: 55% nest primarily with kin, 15% primarily with non-kin, 30% in groups regularly holding both — so family is the plurality and never the rule. Then the hinge: 77% of obligately cooperative species regularly include non-kin, against 38% of facultative ones (χ² = 17.1, p < 0.0001). Where helping is optional, kinship organises it; where the brood genuinely cannot be raised alone, kinship mostly is not what the village is made of. In vampire bats, Carter & Wilkinson (2013) fasted 20 individuals across 48 sharing days and found food received predicted food given 8.5× more strongly than relatedness, with 64% of sharing dyads unrelated against the 67% expected if nepotism were absent — donors initiating more than recipients, so not harassment, and the network tracking mutual grooming, so maintained rather than inherited. At Taï, Boesch et al. (2010) recorded 18 adoptions of orphans over 27 years; half the adopters were male and only one was the father. Then the spread that costs something: Emlen's (1982) constraints model says many helpers stay because the habitat is saturated and there is no opening to breed into — a housing shortage with a nest in it, not a chosen family, and true of our households too. The piece refuses the naturalistic shortcut outright: the animals license nothing, they only remove the warrant for treating biological kinship as nature's default. Also here: the proverb “it takes a village” has no traceable origin of its own (NPR, 2016; the Dictionary of Modern Proverbs finds no evidence of African origin); Hrdy on human cooperative breeding, marked as argument rather than measurement; whānau and whanaungatanga from the Māori Dictionary, with takiwātanga credited to Keri Opai; Bettin & Mazlum's Autistic translation of the proverb; and Devon Price's strawberry people as a ledger of who fed you. Bound by Companion Stars’s correction that most stars are single — this zine does not promise anybody they have people.

Sherbrooke & Kimball (Ichthyology & Herpetology, 2024) fractionated horned lizard plasma, ran it past coyotes and mice, and found the aversive material is dietary: lizards fed Pogonomyrmex carried more of it than cricket-fed lizards, and ant extracts placed the compound in the abdomen, where the venom is stored. Stack that with what the animal already had. Schmidt, Sherbrooke & Schmidt (1989) measured the LD50 of P. maricopa venom at 0.119 µg/g in mice, 28 in a spiny lizard and 162 in this one — and mice given two and a half lethal doses plus horned lizard plasma survived, while mice given snake or other-lizard plasma died. Fertschai et al. (2021) filmed fifty strikes: 76% landed on the ant's mesosoma, hits on the head and sting came in below chance, and “the tongue never touched the ants at their rostral or caudal end, even if it was the closest position to strike at” — the lizard reaches further to avoid the armed ends, in 60 milliseconds, and 43 of 46 ants arrive head-first so the mandibles get coated first. The venom never got safer. The lizard got specific. Then fire ants arrive from Mobile in the 1930s, reach Texas by 1953, and are not a substitute — Henke & Fair (1998): “Texas horned lizards do not actively eat fire ants.” The apparatus stays perfect and points at nothing. The part that is not a tragedy: on a reserve with no harvester ants, Ramakrishnan et al. (2018) found the lizards ate the ant making up 7% of availability in 81% of scat, and the ant making up 69% in 1% — they did not become generalists, they chose again, narrowly. Also here: Haney et al. (2022) measuring the range contracting eastward at 4.4 km a year; Texas Parks and Wildlife drawing the line “north and east of IH-35 and IH-37” and calling volunteer records “the most conclusive data set in existence” on fire ants and horned lizards, 112 of 186 volunteers having reported for a single year; and a viral video claim graded link by link, including the detail that the limestone country is exactly where the decline is confirmed and the real release site is granite. Two sources we could not reach are named as unread rather than paraphrased.